Validação de escala para mensurar a carga de trabalho das parteiras / Validación de escala para medir la carga de trabajo de las parteras / Validation of a scale to measure the workload of midwives

Resumo Objetivo Validar a elaboração de uma escala para mensurar a carga de trabalho das parteiras com base na Classificação das Intervenções de Enfermagem (NIC) por meio da sua aplicação multicêntrica em diferentes unidades de parto. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, longitudinal, de caráter multicêntrico, realizado em três hospitais universitários gerais da rede pública de saúde. A amostra foi composta por cinquenta parteiras, que examinaram a validade de construto da escala elaborada, com um total de 370 partos. A coleta de dados iniciou-se por meio da escala elaborada ad hoc pela equipe de pesquisa, contabilizando o tempo e o número médio de intervenções NIC, realizadas a cada nascimento. Resultados As parteiras do estudo estão sujeitas a um aumento na sua carga de trabalho quanto ao número e ao tempo médio gasto na realização das NIC em cada parto atendido. Em sua jornada de trabalho (turno de 12 horas), elas destinam 960,61 minutos (16 horas no turno diurno) e 840,29 minutos (14 horas no turno noturno) para executar suas funções na assistência ao parto. Conclusões Os dados indicam a validade da escala elaborada ad hoc, pois esse instrumento reflete a real carga de trabalho vivenciada pelas parteiras do estudo.

Resumen Objetivo Validar la elaboración de una escala para medir la carga de trabajo de las parteras con base en la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería (NIC) a través de su aplicación multicéntrica en diferentes unidades de parto. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, de carácter multicéntrico, realizado en tres hospitales universitarios generales del sistema de salud pública. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 50 parteras, que examinaron la validez del constructo de la escala elaborada, con un total de 370 partos. La recopilación de datos comenzó mediante la escala elaborada ad hoc por el equipo de investigación y contabilizó el tiempo y el número de intervenciones NIC realizadas en cada nacimiento. Resultados Las parteras del estudio están sujetas a un aumento de su carga de trabajo con relación al número y al tiempo promedio utilizado en la realización de las NIC en cada parto atendido. En su jornada laboral (turno de 12 horas), destinan 960,61 minutos (16 horas en el turno diurno) y 840,29 minutos (14 horas en el turno nocturno) para ejecutar sus funciones en la atención al parto. Conclusión Los datos indican la validez de la escala elaborada ad hoc, ya que este instrumento refleja la real carga de trabajo que tienen las parteras del estudio.

Abstract Objective To validate the design of a scale to measure the workload of the midwives based on Classification of Nursing Interventions (NIC), through their multicentric application in different delivery units. Methods Quantitative, longitudinal, study multicentric character, conducted in three general university hospitals of the public system of health. The sample consisted of fifty midwives, who examined the validity of the construct of the designed scale, for a total of 370 births. Data collection began through the scale designed ad hoc by the research team, accounting for the time and average number of NIC interventions, performed at each birth. Results The midwives of the study, are subject to an increase in their workload regarding the number and average time spent conducting interventions NIC in each attended delivery. In their working day (12-hour shift) they allocate 960.61 minutes (16 hours in day shift) and 840.29 minutes (14 hours in night shift), to execute their roles in childbirth attendance. Conclusion The data indicate the validity of the scale designed ad hoc, as this instrument reflects the actual workload experienced by the midwives of the study.

Cargas de trabalho de profissionais técnico-administrativos de uma instituição pública de ensino superior / Workloads of technical-administrative professionals at a public institution of higher education

Resumo: A saúde do trabalhador tem se deparado com novos desafios advindos, por exemplo, da pandemia da covid-19 e da indústria 4.0, o que implica na inevitabilidade de refletir sobre as cargas de trabalho nesse contexto. A dissertação que se segue tem como objetivo analisar as cargas de trabalho presentes no processo laboral dos técnico-administrativos de uma instituição pública de ensino superior no contexto da pandemia da covid-19. Sugere-se também reconhecer as estratégias utilizadas para o enfrentamento dessas cargas no meio laboral. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória e descritiva, de natureza qualitativa. O estudo se dá na região sul do Brasil. Para esse fim, propõe-se a criação e testagem de um instrumento para identificar as cargas de trabalho que podem causar impactos negativos ou desgaste desses trabalhadores. Os pesquisadores Asa Laurell e Mariano Noriega (1989) orientam o referencial teórico do estudo, a partir do conceito de Cargas de Trabalho, classificadas em físicas, químicas, biológicas, mecânicas, fisiológicas e psíquicas. A coleta de dados se estabelece a partir da aplicação do instrumento criado, um questionário aplicado por meio de entrevista (presencial ou online), com 31 técnico-administrativos que exercem o cargo de secretário(a) nas coordenações de cursos de graduação de uma universidade pública federal. O tratamento dos dados se dá com base na Análise de Conteúdo Temática de Laurence Bardin (2016), com a proposição de duas categorias finais: a primeira sobre o reconhecimento das cargas de trabalho dos técnico-administrativos. Nessa categoria são apresentadas as cargas de trabalho que causam ou podem gerar algum tipo de desgaste nos trabalhadores. O percurso de investigação mostra que as cargas mais reconhecidas pelos trabalhadores pesquisados, a partir de sua percepção do processo de trabalho, são as psíquicas e fisiológicas, com atenção para as condições ergonômicas do trabalho. A segunda categoria, sobre as estratégias individuais e coletivas utilizadas por esses trabalhadores para o enfrentamento das cargas de trabalho, evidencia que os técnico-administrativos utilizam mecanismos individuais e coletivos como medidas protetivas contra os agravos decorrentes do labor, porém esses fatores de proteção requerem aprimoramento. Esses achados corroboram com o que traz a literatura sobre a presença dessas cargas nos ambientes de trabalho, principalmente nas áreas de prestação de serviços e atendimento a pessoas. Uma vez reconhecida a existência das cargas de trabalho, pode-se propor medidas de promoção à saúde e prevenção de doenças dos técnico-administrativos.

Abstract: Worker's health has faced new challenges arising, for example, the covid-19 pandemic and Health 4.0, which implies the inevitability of reflecting on workloads in this context. Therefore, the following dissertation aims to analyze the workloads present in the work process of administrative technicians at a public institution of higher education in the context of the covid-19 pandemic. It is also suggested to recognize the strategies used to face these workloads in the work environment. This is an exploratory and descriptive research, with a qualitative nature. The study takes place in the southern region of Brazil. This academic work proposes the creation and testing of an instrument (questionnaire) to identify the workloads that can cause negative impacts or cause wear on these Workers. Researchers Asa Laurell and Mariano Noriega (1989) guide the theoretical framework of the study, based on the concept of Workloads, classified as physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, physiological and psychological. For the data collection, the questionnaire was applied through interviews (in person or online), with 31 administrative technicians who work as secretary in the coordination of undergraduate courses at a federal public university. Data treatment is based on Laurence Bardin's Thematic Content Analysis (2016), with the proposition of two final categories: the first one is the recognition of administrative technical workers workloads. This category presents the workloads that cause or may generate some type of wear on workers. The investigation shows that the workloads most recognized by the surveyed, based on their perception of the work process, are psychic and physiological, with attention to the ergonomic conditions of work. The second category, about the individual and collective strategies used by these workers to handle with workloads, shows that the administrative technical workers use individual and collective mechanisms as protective measures against the damage resulting from work, but these protection factors require improvement. These findings corroborate with what the literature brings about the presence of these loads in work environments, especially in the areas of service provision and assistance to people. Once the existence of workloads is recognized, measures can be proposed to promote health and prevent diseases for these administrative technical workers.

Analysis of midwives' situation and the need to measure their workloads / Análise da situação das parteiras e a necessidade de medir suas cargas de trabalho / Análisis de la situación de las matronas y necesidad de medir sus cargas de trabajo

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze midwives' employment situation of midwives and detect their workload measurement needs. Methods: a mixed methodology (quantitative and qualitative), observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Two phases were carried out. The first methodological phase consisted of conducting semi-structured individual interviews. The second methodological phase analyzed the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) interventions that midwives perform in the labor room during daily practice. Results: 90.3% of midwives have work overload, since for 80.6% the midwife-pregnant mother ratio is not well established, since the mean execution time of a Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) intervention is 20 minutes. For this reason, 100% of the sample considers the development of workload measurement tools to be highly useful. Conclusions: the need to generate an instrument that considers the diversity of Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) interventions that develop within the labor room is ratified.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a situação laboral das parteiras e detectar suas necessidades de mensuração da carga de trabalho. Métodos: estudo de metodologia mista (quantitativa e qualitativa), observacional, descritivo e transversal. Duas fases foram realizadas. A primeira fase metodológica consistiu na realização de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas. A segunda fase metodológica analisou as intervenções da Classificação de Intervenção de Enfermagem (NIC) que as parteiras realizam na sala de parto durante o dia de atendimento. Resultados: 90,3% das parteiras apresentam sobrecarga de trabalho, pois, para 80,6%, a relação obstetriz-gestante não está bem estabelecida, pois o tempo médio de execução de uma intervenção Classificação de Intervenção de Enfermagem (NIC) é de 20 minutos. Por esse motivo, 100% da amostra considera muito útil o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de medição de carga de trabalho. Conclusões: ratifica-se a necessidade de gerar um instrumento que considere a diversidade de intervenções Classificação de Intervenção de Enfermagem (NIC) que se desenvolvem na sala de parto.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la situación laboral de las matronas y detectar sus necesidades de medición de cargas de trabajo. Métodos: Estudio de metodología mixta (cuantitativo y cualitativo), observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se realizaron dos fases: La primera fase metodológica, consistió en la realización de entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas. Y en la segunda fase metodológica, se analizaron las intervenciones de enfermería (NIC) que las matronas efectúan en paritorio durante su jornada asistencial. Resultados: El 90,3% de las matronas presentan sobrecarga en el trabajo, pues para el 80,6% el ratio matrona- gestante no se encuentra bien establecido; pues tiempo medio de ejecución de una intervención de enfermería (NIC), es de 20 minutos. Por ello, el 100% de la muestra considera de máxima utilidad el desarrollo de herramientas de medición de cargas de trabajo. Conclusiones: Se ratifica la necesidad de generar un instrumento que considere la diversidad de intervenciones de enfermería (NIC) que desarrollan dentro del paritorio.

Tiempo de cuidado familiar en la carga de trabajo doméstico y sus efectos en la salud del niño / Family Care Time within Domestic Workloads and its Effects on Child Health

Introducción: El bienestar de los niños depende de un cuidado integral. Es la madre junto a la familia quienes desempeñan un rol importante en el cuidado integral de sus hijos, por lo que el tiempo que le dedican es fundamental. Objetivo: Identificar los efectos del tiempo de cuidado familiar en la carga de trabajo doméstico sobre la salud del niño. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal con diseño ex post facto, realizado en Acomayo, Distrito Chinchao, Provincia Huánuco, Perú, durante enero-diciembre del 2019. Población de 180 madres, muestra de 54 sujetos seleccionados con muestreo aleatorio simple. Se aplicaron: cuestionario de características generales de la madre, ficha de evaluación del estado nutricional del niño, ficha de tamizaje de hemoglobina y ficha de análisis documental de los episodios de enfermedades de los niños, validados y fiabilizados. Se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes, las hipótesis se comprobaron mediante la prueba chi cuadrado para p 0,05. Resultados: Del total de la muestra, 55,55 por ciento disponía de tiempo insuficiente para el cuidado familiar, 42,59 por ciento tenía un tiempo ajustado. Hubo desnutrición aguda en 48,14 por ciento y anemia leve en 46,29 por ciento. Se identificó presencia de al menos un episodio de enfermedad diarreica aguda en 37,03 por ciento, infección respiratoria aguda en 38,88 por ciento y parasitosis en 35,18 por ciento. Conclusiones: El tiempo insuficiente para el cuidado familiar en las cargas de trabajo doméstico tiene efectos desfavorables en la salud infantil, evidenciado con la presencia de desnutrición aguda, anemia, enfermedades diarreicas agudas, infecciones respiratorias agudas. y parasitosis en los niños estudiados (p ≤ 0,05)(AU)

Introduction: The well-being of children depends on comprehensive care. It is the mother, together with the family, who plays an important role in the comprehensive care of their children; therefore, the time they dedicate to such task is essential. Objective: To identify the effects of family care time within domestic workloads on child health. Methods: Quantitative, observational and cross-sectional study, with ex post facto design, carried out, from January to December 2019, in Acomayo, Chinchao District, Huánuco Province, Peru. The population was 180 mothers, while the sample was 54 subjects chosen with simple random sampling. The following instruments, validated and made reliable, were applied: a questionnaire on the mother's general characteristics, an assessing card for the child's nutritional status, a hemoglobin screening card, document analysis card for the children's illness episodes. Absolute frequencies and percentages were used < the hypotheses were verified using the chi-square test for P ≤ 0.05. Results: Of the whole sample, 55.55 percent had insufficient time for family care, while 42.59 percent had an adjusted time. There was acute malnutrition in 48.14 percent and mild anemia in 46.29 percent. The presence of at least one episode of acute diarrheal disease was identified in 37.03 percent; for acute respiratory infection, in 38.88 percent; and for parasitosis, in 35.18 percent. Conclusions: Insufficient family care time within the domestic workloads has unfavorable effects on child health, evidenced by the presence of acute malnutrition, anemia, acute diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infections and parasitosis in the children studied (P ≤ 0.05)(AU)

Prevalencia de enfermedad osteomioarticular lumbosacras y miembros inferiores en auxiliares de enfermería / Prevalence of lumbosacral and lower limb osteomyoarticular pathologies in nursing assistants / Prevalência de doença osteomioarticular lombossacral e de membros inferiores em auxiliares de enfermagem

RESUMEN Introducción: Los trabajadores de la salud se enfrentan permanentemente a labores complejas que afectan la región lumbar y miembros inferiores. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de enfermedad osteomioarticular lumbosacras y miembros inferiores en auxiliares de enfermería Método: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo y transversal en una muestra de 46 auxiliares del Distrito 18D04 de salud de Tungurahua, Ecuador. El instrumento aplicado fue un cuestionario para indagar variables sociodemográficas, antigüedad en el sector, horarios, tipos y tiempo de exposición a las labores habituales. Se utilizó la prueba estadística Chi-cuadrado, la paramétrica de correlación de Pearson y la prueba t de Student. Resultados: El 85 % de los estudiados presentó enfermedades lumbosacras y miembros inferiores durante el tiempo de trabajo, se apreció que el 39 % ha tenido una baja temporal al trabajo entre 1-3 días. Se identificó que la carga de peso es realizada por un 37 % y caminatas prolongadas en un 33 %. El 67 % tenía entre 11 y 40 años de trabajo y el resto menos de 10 años en el sector. El 54 % padeció enfermedades pertenecientes a miembros inferiores y un 46 % a lumbosacras. Conclusiones: El padecimiento de enfermedad osteomioarticular lumbosacras y miembros inferiores está relacionado con la edad y con padecerlas en los últimos doce meses, estas han provocado ausentismo laboral. No se comprobó una relación estadísticamente significativa con el padecimiento de enfermedad osteomioarticular con la antigüedad en el sector, las jornadas de trabajo y las actividades que más desarrollan.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Health care workers are constantly confronted with complex tasks that affect the lumbar region and lower limbs. Objective: To identify the prevalence of lumbosacral and lower limb osteomyoarticular pathologies in nursing assistants. Method: An epidemiological, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the 18D04 health district of Tungurahua, Ecuador. A total of 46 nursing assistants were selected in this study. We aimed a questionnaire to assess the sociodemographic variables, seniority in the health sector, time schedules, modes and time of exposure to the usual work. Chi-square test, Pearson's parametric correlation test, and the Student's t-test were used. Results: Most nursing assistants, the 85%, were diagnosed with lumbosacral and lower limb pathologies, and 39% took a temporary absence from work between 1-3 days. It was found that 37 % performed the heavy load work and 33% performed prolonged walks. The 67% had between 11 and 40 years of work and the rest had less than 10 years in the health sector. Fifty-four percent suffered from lower limb pathologies and 46% from lumbosacral pathologies. Conclusions: Lumbosacral and lower limb osteomyoarticular pathology is related to age, and their suffering in the last 12 months has led to a level of absenteeism in the workplace. There was no an important relationship, statistically, between osteomyoarticular pathology and seniority in the sector, working hours and the activities most frequently performed.

RESUMO Introdução: Os trabalhadores da saúde enfrentam constantemente tarefas complexas que afetam a região lombar e membros inferiores. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de doenças osteomioarticulares lombossacrais e de membros inferiores em auxiliares de enfermagem. Método: Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e transversal em uma amostra de 46 auxiliares do Distrito Sanitário 18D04 de Tungurahua, Equador. O instrumento aplicado foi um questionário para investigar variáveis sociodemográficas, antiguidade no setor, horário, tipos e tempo de exposição a tarefas normais. Foram utilizados o teste estatístico Qui-quadrado, correlação paramétrica de Pearson e teste t de Student. Resultados: 85% dos estudados apresentaram doenças lombossacrais e de membros inferiores durante o tempo de trabalho, observou-se que 39% tiveram afastamento temporário do trabalho entre 1-3 dias. Identificou-se que a descarga de peso é realizada por 37% e as caminhadas prolongadas por 33%. 67% tinham entre 11 e 40 anos de trabalho e o restante menos de 10 anos no setor. 54% sofreram doenças pertencentes aos membros inferiores e 46% lombossacral. Conclusões: O sofrimento da doença osteomioarticular lombossacral e de membros inferiores está relacionado à idade e com o sofrimento nos últimos doze meses, estes têm causado absenteísmo ao trabalho. Não foi verificada relação estatisticamente significativa entre o sofrimento de doença osteomioarticular e o tempo de permanência no setor, a jornada de trabalho e as atividades que mais desenvolvem.

Cargas de Trabalho na Saúde do Controlador de Tráfego Aéreo / Workloads and the health of air traffic controllers / Cargas de trabajo en la salud del controlador de tráfico aéreo

O controle de tráfego aéreo é um serviço prestado por profissionais que trabalham em terra para orientar e monitorar aeronaves no ar e no solo, a fim de garantir um fluxo de tráfego seguro e ordenado. Os objetivos deste artigo foram conhecer aspectos sociodemográficos dos profissionais de tráfego aéreo lotados no Aeroporto Marechal Hugo da Cunha Machado, em São Luís (MA) e identificar as cargas de trabalho a que estão submetidos. Participaram do estudo 11 controladores, com idade média de 38 anos e 19,64 anos de tempo de serviço na referida função. A carga de trabalho que apresentou maior prevalência foi a psíquica, e a menor, a física. Concluiu-se que a atividade dos pesquisados exige esforços psicológicos intensos quanto às funções atencionais e à tomada de decisão, especialmente diante da rápida necessidade de ações imediatas em idiomas estrangeiros e em meio a procedimentos operacionais estritos.

Air Traffic Control is a service provided by ground professionals to guide and monitor aircraft in the air and on the ground to ensure a safe and orderly flow of traffic. The objectives were to learn about the socio-demographic aspects of air traffic professionals at the Marechal Hugo da Cunha Machado Airport, in São Luís - MA, and to identify the possible workloads to which they are submitted. The study included 11 controllers, with a mean age of 38 years and 19.64 years of service in the profession. The workload that presented the highest prevalence was the psychological, and the lowest was the physical one. It was concluded that the activity of the respondents requires intense psychological efforts regarding attentional functions and decision making, especially in view of the rapid need for immediate actions in international languages, working under strict operational procedures.

El Control de Tráfico Aéreo es un servicio prestado por profesionales que trabajan en tierra para orientar y monitorear aeronaves en el aire y en el suelo, con vistas a garantizar un flujo de tráfico seguro y ordenado. Los objetivos fueron conocer aspectos sociodemográficos de los profesionales de tráfico aéreo del Aeropuerto Marechal Hugo de la Cunha Machado, en São Luís - MA; y, además, identificar las posibles cargas de trabajo a las que están sometidos. Participaron del estudio 11 controladores, con edad media de 38 años y 19,64 años de tiempo de servicio en dicha función. La carga de trabajo que presentó mayor prevalencia fue la psíquica, y la menor la física. Se concluyó que la actividad de los encuestados exige esfuerzos psicológicos intensos en cuanto a las funciones atencionales y toma de decisión, especialmente frente a la rápida necesidad de acciones inmediatas en idiomas internacionales y en medio de procedimientos operacionales estrictos.

Perfil sociodemográfico, condições e cargas de trabalho de professores da rede estadual de ensino de um município da região sul do Brasil / Sociodemographic profile, conditions and workloads of state teachers in a municipality in southern Brazil / Perfil sociodemográfico, condiciones y cargas de trabajo de maestros de la red estadual de enseño de un municipio de la región sur de Brasil

Resumo Objetivou-se descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e econômico e analisar as características profissionais, condições de trabalho e cargas de trabalho em professores. Trata-se de um estudo transversal sobre o projeto Pró-Mestre. Foram entrevistados 978 professores do ensino fundamental e do ensino médio das vinte escolas com maior número de professores da rede estadual de ensino da cidade de Londrina/PR, entre agosto de 2012 e julho de 2013. A maioria dos professores entrevistados era do sexo feminino (68,5%) e com média de idade de 41,5 anos (DP 10). Quanto às características profissionais, 42,9% trabalhavam em até dois locais e 64,2% lecionavam em pelo menos dois turnos. Aspectos como remuneração, quantidade de alunos por sala e infraestrutura foram relatados como negativos (ruim/regular). Em relação às cargas de trabalho, as cargas físicas, fisiológicas e psíquicas, para mais da metade deles, afetam muito sua saúde e condições de trabalho. Esses fatores sinalizaram as condições de trabalho e saúde de professores da rede estadual do Paraná, podendo servir como subsídio para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que visem melhorias nesses aspectos.

Abstract This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic and economic profile of teachers and analyze their professional characteristics, working conditions and workloads. This is a cross-sectional study of the Pro-Master project. We interviewed 978 primary school and high school teachers of the twenty state schools with more teachers of the city of Londrina/PR, between August 2012 and July 2013. Most of the teachers surveyed were female (68.5%) with mean age of 41.5 years (SD 10). As for professional features, 42.9% worked in up to two places and 64.2% teach at least two shifts. Issues such as remuneration, amount of students per class and infrastructure were reported as negative (bad/regular). In relation to workloads, physical, physiological and mental burdens, for more than half of them, greatly affect their health and working conditions. These factors signaled the working conditions and health of state teachers of Paraná, and can be useful to support the development of public policies to improve these aspects.

Resumen El objetivo fue describir el perfil sociodemográfico y económico y analizar las características profesionales, condiciones de trabajo y cargas de trabajo en maestros. Se trata de un estudio transversal sobre el proyecto Pró-Mestre. Fueron entrevistados 978 maestros de la educación primaria y secundaria de las vente escuelas con mayor número de maestros de la red estadual de enseño de la ciudad de Londrina/PR, Brasil, entre agosto de 2012 y julio de 2013. La mayoría de los maestros entrevistados era del sexo femenino (68,5%) y con media de edad de 41,5 años (DP 10). Cuanto a las características profesionales, 42,9% trabajaban en até dos locales y 64,2% lesionaban en por lo menos dos turnos. Aspectos como remuneración, cuantidad de estudiantes por sala e infraestructura fueron relatados como negativos (mal/regular). En relación a las cargas de trabajo, las cargas físicas, fisiológicas y psíquicas, para más de la mitad de ellos, afectan mucho su salud y condiciones de trabajo. Esos factores señalizaron las condiciones de trabajo y salud de maestros de la red estadual del Paraná, sirviendo como subsidio para el desarrollo de políticas públicas que visen mejorías en eses aspectos.

Current Duty Hours of Emergency Resident Physicians in Korea: Multicenter Cross-sectional Study

PURPOSE: This study was conducted in order to determine the current status of duty hours of emergency resident physicians in Korea. METHODS: The training committee of the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine surveyed using a questionnaire on resident training status, which contained the total number of duty hours during four weeks of July (first to 28th day) according to the grades of the resident physician. The proportions of both irregular working hours and independent working hours without supervision of a board certified physician were also evaluated. RESULTS: Responses from 80 hospitals out of 97 training hospitals were analyzed. The average number of duty hours of emergency resident physicians was 63.7+/-10.7 hours/week. The proportion of hospitals for which the average number of duty hours exceeded 80 hours/week was 16.1%. Irregular working hours consisted of 63.9%. Residents in 15(18.7%) hospitals worked 3.7~73.5% of their duty hours without supervision of a board certified physician. The higher grade resident had fewer working hours (p<0.001). No statistical difference was observed in the rate of both irregular work and unsupervised work according to the grade. CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed that nine(11.3%) hospitals had average duty hours above 80 hours/week. In Korea, training hospitals should prepare to minimize the impact of duty hour restriction in the near future, as well as to improve training quality.

Cargas de trabalho e condições de trabalho da enfermagem: revisão integrativa / Carga de trabajo y condiciones de trabajo de la enfermería: revisión integradora / Nursing workloads and working conditions: integrative review

O presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer a produção teórica sobre cargas de trabalho e condições de trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa que incluiu artigos científicos, teses e dissertações, indexados nas bases da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde e Banco Digital de Teses nos últimos dez anos. Entre os 132 trabalhos identificados, foram selecionadas 27 produções. Os resultados indicaram as cargas de trabalho como responsáveis pelo desgaste dos profissionais, influenciando a ocorrência de acidentes e os problemas de saúde. Para amenizar tais cargas de trabalho, os estudos apontam algumas estratégias, como adequação do quantitativo de pessoal, educação continuada e melhores condições de trabalho. Tem-se como desafio a realização de pesquisas que revelem com mais precisão a relação entre as cargas e as condições de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem, haja vista o quanto comprometem a saúde dos trabalhadores.

Estudio que objetivó conocer la producción teórica sobre las cargas de trabajo y condiciones de trabajo de profesionales de enfermería. Para eso, se realizó una revisión integradora que incluyó artículos científicos, tesis o disertaciones, indexados en bases de Biblioteca Virtual de Salud y Banco Digital de Tesis en los últimos diez años. Entre los 132 trabajos identificados, fueron seleccionadas 27 producciones. Los resultados indicaron las cargas de trabajo como responsables por el desgaste de los profesionales, influenciando la ocurrencia de accidentes y problemas de salud. Para amenizar esas cargas de trabajo los estudios apuntan algunas estrategias: adecuación del cuantitativo de personal, educación continuada y mejores condiciones de trabajo. Se tiene el desafío de la realización de pesquisas que revelen con mayor precisión la relación entre las cargas de trabajo y las condiciones de trabajo de la equipe de enfermería, considerándose cuanto estas comprometen la salud de los trabajadores.

The objective of this study was to know theoretical production concerning workloads and working conditions for nursing professionals. In order to do this investigation, an integrative review was carried out using scientific articles, theses and dissertations available in two Brazilian databases Virtual Health Care Library and Digital Bank of Dissertations over the last ten years. From 132 identified studies, 27 productions were selected. The results indicate workloads as responsible for professional wearing, which influences the occurrence of work accidents and health care problems. In order to decrease workloads, studies point out some strategies such as adequate numbers of employees, continued education, and better working conditions. The challenge is to continue doing research which reveals with increasing precision the relationships among workloads, working conditions and health of the nursing team.

Review on Body Fatigue Assessment of Human Operation / 航天医学与医学工程

The human workload is of great importance to ergonomic evaluation of man-machine system.The local muscle fatigue is considered to be one of the main indexes.In this paper,the cause of local muscle fatigue,its assessment methods and development trends were described in detail.Some related technological problems about its mechanism,measurement and assessment methods were analyzed and induced.Finally,some views were put forward for discussion.

Simulation Study on Performance of Control by Man and Machine in the Stage of Final Approaching for Rendezvous and Docking / 航天医学与医学工程

Objective To study the performance evaluation of integration rendezvous and docking(RVD)control by man and machine in order to provide reference for function allocation between man and machine.Method By a rendezvous and docking experimental system,30 male volunteers aged 20～40 took part in the performance evaluation experiments.The RVD integration control success rates and total thruster ignition time were chosen as evaluation indices.Result The experiment showed that if less than three RVD parameters control tasks were completed by the subjects and the rest of parameters control task completed by automation,the RVD success rate would be larger than 80.47% and the fuel consumption would be optimized.In addition,there were ten subjects who finished the whole 6 RVD parameters control tasks by enough train.Conclusion If the astronauts role should be integrated into the RVD control,it is suitable for them to finish the heading,pitch and roll control in order to assure the man-machine system high performance.When astronauts were needed to finish all parameters control,two points should be taken into consideration,enough fuel and unconstraint operation time.

Emergency Residents' Current Status and Preferences for Shift Work During Extra-regular Working Time in Korea

BACKGROUND: The workload of emergency medicine residents (EMRs) is expected to be high. Especially, and working during extra-regular working time (ERT) provides them with great stress. In spite of this, their workload and preference for shift work during ERT has not been studied in Korea. METHOD: The postal survey was sent to the EMRs of training hospitals. The survey consisted of 10 questions which assessed their shift lengths, shift-length preferences, degree of fatigue after night shift, allowance for an ERT shift and so on. The analysis was done using the SPSS Win program. RESULT: Surveys were sent to 240 EMRs and eighty-two (82) EMRs responded. Most of them (85.4%) had more than 10 night shifts per month. The most common shift lengths were 12 hours (53.7%) and 24 hours (23.2%), and the most preferred shift length was 12 hours (50.0%). More than half of the EMRs felt very tired after night shifts. The desired allowance for an ERT night shift was 2.1 times on Saturday, 2.5 times on Sunday, and 3.6 times on holiday, compared to that for a weekday night shift. CONCLUSION: The current workload of an EMR is very high. The desire from ERT shift is low, so appropriate strategies should be sought to compensate the ERT workload.

Basic Data for Establishing the Emergency Plan to a Forty-hour workweek

BACKGROUND: Large hospitals should execute the forty-hour workweek from July 2004 as a matter of laws. Some institutes have used this system as the concept of five-day workweek since 2 years ago. To prepare for the forty-hour workweek effectively, all emergency physicians and headquarters of hospitals should make plans from this time. METHOD: We analyzed the emergency patients who visited the ER on two consecutive work-free days and ordinary days of last year. The number of patients, final results, such as admission or home discharge, the clinics participating in emergency care, and other components were analyzed according to two consecutive work-free days and the ordinary days. RESULT: The number of emergency patients who visited ER during the two consecutive work-free days was increased by 39.5~100.8% compared to the ordinary days. Although the number of emergency patients was larger during these days, the admission rate was lowered by 3.8~14.5%. Patients who were cared for by an emergency physician or a pediatric physician were markedly larger during the two consecutive work-free days, and the patients cared by an internal medicine were lower. CONCLUSION: To care for the emergency patients more effectively during the two consecutive work-free days in the forty-hour workweek system, we should increase the number of emergency physicians and pediatric physicians, and space for fast track and pediatric emergency care should be secured.

Reliability and Validity of Questionnaire for Assessing Physical Workloads / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to make a questionnaire for assessing physical workloads and to evaluate its reliability and validity. METHODS: A total of 220 workers (foundry workers 30, large vehicle assemblers 30, shipyard workers 75, and automobile manufacturers 80) completed a self-administered questionnaire and took examinations for physical work capacity and working heart rate. We excluded data with insufficient responses or incorrect physical work capacity and working heart rate. Finally, the data of 154 workers (70.0%) were used for our study. In order to evaluate the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, we used statistical analyses including the scaling assumption test and a comparison with the objective tool for physical workload which was evaluated by working energy expenditure. RESULTS: The items of the questionnaire in the same categories had close distribution in the evaluation of the scaling assumption. The item internal consistency was 0.41-0.73 for posture factor, and 0.62-0.79 for non-posture factor. The item discriminate validity was 100%. Cronbach's alphacoefficient of the total items was 0.73 (0.58 for posture factor and 0.74 for nonposture factor). In the correlation between working energy expenditure and questions, general physical activity (p=0.008), proportion of the workday with hands above shoulder (p=0.002), proportion of the workday with trunk bent (p=0.028), proportion of the workday with awkward posture (p=0.048), sweating after work (p=0.006), total scales (p=0.003) and Borg scale (p=0.011) all had statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our questionnaire for assessing physical workloads demonstrated statistically significant reliability and validity. But the questions for the proportions of the workday with sitting work posture and with static posture should be modified via a larger study.